Guidelines For Children Without Punishment And Was Written...

Abstract I looked for articles in an online parenting-advice magazine called Aha! Parenting. The article I chose is called 10 Steps To Guide Children Without Punishment and was written by Laura Markham (2015). The child development aspect looks closely at child discipline. The main idea of the article is that parents should not punish their children, and instead parents should stay calm and kind when children misbehave. According to the author, this is because punishments are limited at changing behavior, and in fact create even more misbehavior. I will critically look at the advice in this article using the class teachings and relevant literature. Skinner’s model of punishment and reinforcement The main theme of Markham’s (2015) article is that disciplining children does not improve their behavior. One of the most famous researchers into the nature of punishment was B.F. Skinner, a behavioral psychologist. Skinner believed that well-learned associations between causes and consequences largely cause behavior. He created the theory of ‘operant conditioning’, which states that behavior can be changed by ‘operant’, which are negative or positive stimuli. Although most of his theory came from experiments on rats, he believed that operant conditioning also plays a major role in human behavior, and that operant conditioning is therefore relevant to child psychology. His model of punishment and reinforcement broke down like this: †¢ Positive reinforcement is where the parentShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageslikewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps

Great Disasters And Disasters, By Hurricane Harvey

During times of great disasters and catastrophes, people will put aside their differences to lend a helping hand to their fellow man. Those who need help are more than welcome to receive it, no matter who gives it to them. However, on a normal day, people tend to separate from those who differ in race, make offensive comments, or inflict violence because of ethnicity. In the end, we are all one race: the human race. I was able to experience a moment where race and religion did not matter. A recent disaster, Hurricane Harvey, is known to be â€Å"the third most powerful on the Saffir-Simpson scale† (O BrienReuters 1). The storm has crippled Houston and demolished the smaller communities in the surrounding area. Houston, which has a massive†¦show more content†¦Congressman Randy Weber was instantly approached by the media. Mr. Weber said, â€Å"It’s unbelievable that all of these young volunteers of different races and religions have gathered together to help others that were affected by the hurricane.† The dialogue he had with the interviewer was refreshing. The judge of the local court, Terry Lawrence, stayed back for several hours and assisted us with collecting the tickets and transporting the water cases into cars. He was excellent with communicating with the locals. His enthusiasm and high spirit allowed the line to operate at a quicker pace. The bright smiles that radiated from the people kept the volunteers pushing in the hot weat her. Some of the people who were receiving the supplies parked their cars to help volunteer. After a couple of hours of moving hundreds of water pallets, I was relocated in the front of the supply rotation. My job was to escort families throughout the supply line. The first family I met left an impression on me. The Mexican mother was holding her son, who did not have any articles of clothing on but a diaper. She was about to burst into tears when she received the supplies. I carried a thirty-six-water bottle pack to her car and loaded her box of supplies into the back. We had a conversation, she discussed how she â€Å"didn’t expect this much goodwill from Muslims.† I was surprised how some people thought lowly of Muslims. I only seeShow MoreRelatedNatural Disaster Essay902 Words   |  4 Pages Natural disaster is one of the major issues that the world is facing now a day. Natural disaster is caused by nature they are difficult to predict when its going to happen, how to handle it  and its impossible to stop it. Weather is one of the major natural disaster that is going around this year it may include hurricanes, tornadoes and the weather conditions being so cold or so hot. It’s very important to be prepared for these kinds of events when they happen especi ally in the countriesRead MoreEssay On Mother Nature966 Words   |  4 Pagesvulnerable to her great wrath and how it can produce environmental disasters. In recent events, we have seen Hurricane Harvey not only destroy buildings, homes, and environmental structures. It has also claimed the irreplaceable....lives. The Governor of Florida articulated it best as he encouraged citizens to evacuate his state as Hurricane Irma approached. He pleaded and stated, â€Å"We can rebuilt homes, but we can’t rebuilt your life.† As society continues to research vulnerability to disaster, both forRead MoreEssay On Hurricanes And The Internet Of Things And Big Data Save Lives987 Words   |  4 PagesHurricanes And The Internet of Things And Big Data Saves Lives Over the last couple of weeks I have been in Houston working with a Search and Rescue (SAR) team helping to find, recover, and relocate individuals affected by Hurricane Harvey. I traveled with a team from Harbinger Technologies Group (HTG) that was comprised of special operations veterans, law enforcement, EMT/Firefighters, communications, etc. We were broken into two units - water and land rescue. Having been in several natural disastersRead MoreThe Negative Impacts Of Hurricanes1774 Words   |  8 Pages Hurricanes are some of the costliest and most dangerous events that happen in our world. Many historical hurricanes like Harvey, Katrina, Sandy have killed hundreds of people and cost billions of dollars to repair the damages. But many reform bills and agencies throughout the years have either improved humanitarian conditions or became under tremendous scrutiny by the public for its lack of assistance. In addition, there have been many technological advances made to help people p repare before andRead MoreEssay On Hurricane1062 Words   |  5 PagesAround a month ago, Mother Nature unleashed its potential power towards the south of the United States. First, hurricane Harvey did a great damage on the Southern part of Texas as a Category 4. A few weeks later, another two major hurricanes, hurricane Maria and Irma, did the greatest damage in the Caribbean Islands. The good thing is the U.S government and many cooperation’s stepped in to help its American citizens because it’s the duty of the government. Therefore, FEMA (Federal Emergency ManagementRead MoreAnalysis Of DonT Blame Hurricane Harvey And Irma1487 Words   |  6 Pages Hurricanes Harvey and Irma have been some of the few drastic weather cases in America in the year of 2017. Though many agree with this fact, many struggle with the ideas as to why this phenomenon happened and what could have been prevented. Some individuals like Michael E. Mann believe that climate change is the problem; others like Alan Reynolds completely disagree. Michael E. Mann, author of the article It’s a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly, discusses why Hurricane HarveyRead MoreSocial Media Negatives780 Words   |  4 Pagesevents, like politics and natural disasters, social media can widely benefit us to getting this news quickly and efficiently. A great example of how social media gives us our news quickly is with the recent devastating events of hurricane Harvey. When this devastating hurricane hit in Houston, Tx, news outlets used social media to help let people know what safety precautions to take and what the people could do to help those wh o were greatly affected by the hurricane. The down side of the easy accessRead MoreGlobal Warming : We Are All At Risk1555 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing mankind is global warming. More than 97 perecent of the world scientists believed that human activities mainly the burning of fossil fuel caused global warming. Exacerbated by global warming, the occurrence of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, rising sea level, floods,and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and sever. In the past two decades global warming induced extreme weather affected almost half of the world population. The scientific evidence is now clear that globalRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bottled Water909 Words   |  4 Pagesin some way has touched everyone’s life from times of disaster, to underdeveloped countries, and to the American job market, and while some feel bottled water is unsafe for the environment and question the safety of consumer ingestion, alternative eco-friendly materials ar e being developed, and no serious safety issues have been tied to bottled water. Recently, hurricanes Harvey and Irma left residents from both Texas and Florida dependentRead MoreThe Complex Issues Surrounding The Agriculture Street Landfill1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthese poor, black New Orleans neighborhoods, historically dominated by public housing. New Orleans politicians, city officials, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) repeatedly stressed housing as their number one priority following Hurricane Katrina, which by some estimates damaged 434,000 homes in the New Orleans area and destroyed nearly 140,000 of them (Aldrich and Cook 2008). Yet, shortly after Katrina made landfall, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

The Storm By Kate Chopin - 851 Words

â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin was written in 1899 but was not published until several years later. She understood how daring her piece was and never shared â€Å"The Storm† with anyone. Chopin was born in 1851 to a wealthy father and an aristocratic mother. At the age of nineteen, she married and moved to Louisiana with her husband, Oscar. Chopin is known for writing realistic but sexually rich literature. Her short story â€Å"The Storm† conveys sex as a joyous part of her life and not a destructive one. â€Å"The Storm† takes place in Louisiana at the home of Calixta and the store Friedheimer during the 1900’s. The protagonist Calixta is a married woman with a son named Bibi. She seems to be a stay at home mother who receives helps only a few days a week by a woman named Sylvie. At home, she works hard to keep the house clean and orderly. Calixta is a pretty woman who loves her husband, but there is something that she feels is missing from thei r relationship. However, she does not realize this void until Alcee comes along. The conflict in â€Å"The Storm† centers around the relationship between Calixta and Alcà ©e. The most obvious conflict is when Calixta cheats on Bobinot with Alcà ©e. Although, I feel this conflict goes a bit deeper. I feel the real conflict in the story is the succumbing to sexual desires and how it affect their marriages. Should the two keep their secret affair to themselves? Should the two divorce their spouses and be together in a relationship? Can they live with theShow MoreRelatedThe Storm by Kate Chopin1332 Words   |  6 Pages The first thing I noticed about Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm,† is that it is utterly dripping with sexual imagery and symbolism. Our heroine, if you will, seems to be a woman with normally restrained passions and a well-defined sense of propriety, who finds herself in a situation that tears down her restraint and reveals the vixen within. I won der if it was intentional that the name Calixta makes me think of Calypso – the nymph from Greek mythology. If half of the sexual symbolism I found in thisRead MoreThe Storm by Kate Chopin1238 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin is writing so many great stories about whatever she sees. Kate has many Wonderful stories such as, (The Storm, Desiree’s Baby, A Pair of Silk Stocking, A Respectable Woman, and The Story of an Hour). There is one story in particular that catches my mind which is â€Å"The Storm†. 0In Kate chopins era, women are seen as nothing more than a wife and have to stay with their husband for life. Chopin shows a dramatic scene between Alcee and Calixta during the time of a storm that is passing byRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin844 Words   |  4 Pages Kate Chopin writes a short story named â€Å"The storm.† The plot of the story where the author shows two married couples, a total of five people and two of them have an affair. We can see a woman who is a mother, a lover and a wife and her different reaction while performing each one of the different roles. After the storm the characters seem to reveal hidden aspects of them. The story begins when Bobinot and his son Bibi are at Fregheimer’s store and decide to stay there due to a storm that is comingRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pages Kate Chopin was an American author who wrote the short story â€Å"The Storm†. It takes place somewhere down in Louisiana at a general store and at the house of Calixta, Bobinot who is the wife of Calixta, and their son Bibi. The other character in the story is the friend of Calixta, Alcee Laballiere. The story begins with Bobinot and Bibi in the general store to buy a can of shrimp; meanwhile, at home, Calixta is at home doing chores when a storm develops, which makes her worry about Bobinot and BibiRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1205 Words   |  5 Pagesmain character, Calixta, is interrelated with the setting of the story, â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin. In â€Å"The Storm†, setting plays the role as a catalyst that ignites Alcee’s and Calixtaâ€⠄¢s passion that then runs parallel with the storm. As their relationship builds together, Calixta’s natural desires become fulfilled; which without an outlet on the ability to express our emotions and natural desires, conflicts and storms result in our lives. In the beginning of the story, Calixta is very much intoRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin869 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially true in Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Storm.† Calixta went outside of her marriage for a sexual affair with Alcà ©e when he unexpectedly showed up and a storm came through. The three most prominent literary elements that were addressed in â€Å"The Storm† were foreshadowing, symbolism, and setting. First, there is foreshadowing in the story. Bae and Young agree that foreshadowing is when a story implies that something will happen in the future without saying it (1). In â€Å"The Storm,† an example ofRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1649 Words   |  7 Pageslike writers in present day, Kate Chopin was a writer who wrote to reflect obstacles and instances occurring within her time period. Writing about personal obstacles, as well as issues occurring in the time period she lived, Chopin proved to be distinctive upon using her virtue. Kate Chopin was a determined individual, with true ambition and ability to produce writings that reflected women on a higher pedestal than they were valued in her time. â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin is a short story written toRead MoreKate Chopin s The Storm Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous writer Kate Chopin once said, â€Å"The voice of the sea speaks to the soul.† The Awakening, (1899). Kate Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time. She was an American author of short stories and novels. She was born on February 08, 1850 in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. She died on August 22, 1904, in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Written in 1898 but not published until it appeared in The Complete Works of Kate Chopin in 1969, The Storm has been widelyRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1221 Words   |  5 PagesI also disagreed with â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin, because it suggested that it is possible to be with more than one person at any given point. To me, love is trust, and without trust, love is nonexistent. Marriage is a commitment, a promise to be both trusting and trustful. To betray that agreement is not to love. Calixata expresses â€Å"nothing but satisfaction at their safe return† (727) and this reader has to wonder how she cannot feel guilt. Alcee wrote a â€Å"loving letter† to his wife, and this readerRead MoreKate Chopin s The Storm883 Words   |  4 PagesBasically, the setting in the short story of Kate Chopin ‘The Storm’ presents a clear demonstration of an illicit but a romantic love affair. Indeed, the title has been used perfectly to signify the adulterous love affair. Most importantly, it is evident that the storm has not been used as a mere coincidence but instead it has been used to steer the story and the affair forward. In fact, the storm has been significant during the start of the story, during its peak and ultimately in the end. Although

The Five Kingdom Classification System for Life - 638 Words

In 1758 a man called Carl Linnaeus proposed the two kingdom classification system. This system separated all living things into two categories called kingdoms. The two kingdoms were plante (plants) and animalia (animals).this system was the basis to our classification system today (the five kingdom system). In 1674 the first unicellular organisms were discovered by a man called Antoine van Leeuwenhoek. This discovery was due to his improvement to the microscope. This improvement meant an object could be magnified over 200 times, hence why micro-organisms were found. This improvement in the microscope also assisted into the discovery of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This discovery meant that two new kingdoms could be created, kingdom monera and kingdom Protista. The improvement of the microscope has helped develop the two kingdom system into the five kingdom system it is today. DNA sequencing is a process used to determine the order of the nucleotides of a gene. Dna Sequencing has advanced extremely from almost a decade ago, due to the improvement of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the use of computer technologies to manage and analyse biological data. The improvement Bioinformatics has meant DNA sequencing has become much easier, faster and more cost effective. The improvement of the DNA sequencing technique meant that taxonomists could use DNA sequences as characteristics when classifying specimens. Using DNA sequences as characteristics meant classifying microorganismsShow MoreRelatedCompare and contrast the Five kingdom a797 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Compare and contrast the Five kingdom and three domain classification system Classification is the method used by scientists to order living organisms. All species have a unique classification that results in a binomial name. classification is used to make it easier for different species to be identified by scientists. The current system, the  Three Domain System  , groups organisms primarily based on differences in ribosomal RNA structure. Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building block for  ribosomes  Read MoreLab : The Different Types Of Living Organisms805 Words   |  4 Pagesthe different types of living organisms. Also, to show how Woese’s system of classification, was used to organize information about many types of organisms. So that you can define the organisms. This shows what the purpose is for the Systematics and Taxonomy Lab. Background information: Classification systems started around four century B.C by Aristotle (greek philosopher ). His way of classifying things is known us ladder of life, which is putting organisms into groups from the least to greatestRead MoreDiversity in Living Organism3225 Words   |  13 Pages| |[pic] Classification And Evolution Classification refers to the identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system based on similarities in their internal and external structure or evolutionary history. It determines the methods of organizing diversity of life on earth. Therefore, classification helps in understanding millions of life forms in detail. Who started the classification of organisms? Let us explore the history of classification. History of classification One of theRead MorePhylogeny Is The Study Of Evolutionary Relationships1395 Words   |  6 Pagescladistics that connects ancestors to descendants is known as the tree of life. Charles Darwin completed the first known drawing of a tree of life in his book ‘Origin of Species’. Unrooted trees can be made, but these are not as useful as they simply connect descendants and do not plot a common ancestor. Phylogeny is linked to taxonomy – the hierarchical classification of organisms. The groups represented in the tree of life can sometimes match taxonomic groups, but often don’t. This is because ofRead MoreGalileo s Observation Of Astronomy1018 Words   |  5 PagesGalileo’s use of the telescope in 1609 revolutionized the field of astronomy because his observations disproved the geocentric theory and provided strong evidence for the Copernican/Heliocentric system. Galileo discovered four satellites orbiting Jupiter; this observation contradicted the geoc entric theory by proving that it is possible for objects to orbit something other than Earth. His observation of the phases of Venus supported the heliocentric theory because he discovered they were similarRead MoreThe Concept Of The Prokaryote Valid And Useful Or Fundamentally Flawed?1766 Words   |  8 PagesÉdouard Chatton in his 1925 paper ‘Pansporella perplex: Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa.’ (Chatton, 1925). Since then the term, when paired with its dichotomous counterpart ‘eukaryote’, has formed the fundamental basis for classification in biology. However in recent years the concept of the prokaryote has been wildly contested as being inaccurate (amongst other things), and the dichotomy of eukaryote/prokaryote based on a misleading and ultimately incorrect distinction that isRead MoreThe Oldest Sedimentary Rocks : Evidence For The Origin Of Life3774 Words   |  16 Pages1. Analysis of the oldest sedimentary rocks prov ides evidence for the origin of life List the atmospheric gases believed to have existed on early earth The atmospheric gases believed to have existed on early earth are: water vapour hydrogen methane ammonia Describe the hypothesised conditions and environment of early Earth Early Earth is predicted to have been a very hostile environment. Due to high levels of tectonic activity, there were thought to have been many volcanic eruptions. These eruptionsRead MoreTaxonomy Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesLinnaeus (1707 – 1778) established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms. He developed a hierarchy, or in other words a ranking system for classifying organisms, that is the basis for modern taxonomy. LinnaeuÂ’s classification hierarchy included five levels: kingdom, class, order, genus, and species. Modern scientists have added two more classification levels to this, phylum and family. The current classification system divides all organisms into seven major Read MoreHonors Biology-Early Topics3382 Words   |  14 Pages (modified from Foundation Notes) Unit 1 Early Topics Main Sections * Definition of Biology * Characteristics of Life * Levels of Organization * SI Units and Relative Size * Scientific Method * Classification and Binomial Nomenclature Definition of Biology CHAPTER 1 Biology can be broadly defined as the â€Å"study of life† or the â€Å"study of living things†. It includes molecules that are made, used by, or derived from living things. It also includes certainRead MoreWeek 5 Lab Systematics1297 Words   |  6 Pageswhy biologists today use the three-domain system of classification how evolutionary trees depict biologists’ understandings about the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Introduction: Almost every place on Earth, from the surface of your skin to the bottom of the ocean, is teeming with living things. To keep track of the vast diversity of life, biologists historically named and classified organisms according to their appearance. The system of categorizing organisms is known as taxonomy

Risk Management Might Take Place A Project â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Risk Management Might Take Place A Project? Answer: Introduction Risk refers to anything that could affect the projects schedule, performance, and its expenditure. Risk Management Plan in a project entails identifying, analyzing and taking action to any risk that arises over the entire life cycle of a project (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). It helps keep the project on track to achieve its intended goal. Risk management helps in figuring out the risk that might take place in a project, and how to remedy the risk if it occurs. The ATA should proceedas follows to come up with a sound project risk management plan for the project; Risk Management Cycle As a project team member, learning to make use of the five core risk management steps would ensure the project runs smoothly. The first process is risk identification. Itinvolves uncovering, identifying and describing risks that may influence your project (Chance Brooks, 2015). At this stage,Project Risk Register is prepared for consistency, compactness, concision, commitment, completeness, and control throughout the project. In East Timor, theinvolvement of Government geologist would give a clear indication of the terrain in the area. The landscape has rugged mountains,waterfalls, coastal lagoons,and even patches of dense rain forest (Brockwell, OConnor, Litster Willan, 2016). If the ATAs East Timor Solar Project were to establish in such a terrain, we would expect various risks to arise, including delay in delivery and shipping of equipment fromdifferent regions, let say like China. Nonetheless, we may expect a delay in delivery due to import licensing requirements.This would lead to delay in the projects timeline, and a risk management should be carried out to ensure that the project meets its purpose. The second process is to asses.Once the risk has been identified as being poor terrain and importing licensing requirements, you determine the likelihood and repercussion of the risk (Brockwell, OConnor, Litster Willan, 2016). You come up with a clear understanding of what nature the risk belongs to and how it would affect the aspiration and purpose of the project.In our case, the effect of terrain on the delivery of equipment (solar panels and other crucial machines) would mean that the project would not kick off as they are a prerequisite for the project. The potential of the delay is a high percentage considering the rugged mountains, waterfalls and coastal lagoons hence affecting transportation of the equipment (Alongi, 2014). Importing licensing laws would also lead to delays as the cargo may stay for long awaiting dispatched as per the requirements. The third process is to evaluate and rank risks. Once the risk has been accessed, you list it by identifying its extent, which includes how likely it is to occur and how it may affect the whole project in general (Haimes, 2015). One needs to choose if the risk is severe enough to warrant remedy. In the case of ATA East Timor Solar project, our seems severe enough to warrant for treatment which may include extension or addition of time required to accomplish the project, meeting its standards and its prerequisite purpose. The fourth process is treating the risks. Also known as Risk Response Planning. It involves choosing your highest ranked risks among all risks and identifying a plan to help remedy the risk to achieve acceptable levels (Olson Wu, 2015). You minimize, or full treat negative risks and at the same time improving on opportunities.you come up with means to lighten the risk, a preventive plan as well as a possible plan. Risk treatment measures are added to the most serious risk. In our case, Importation Licencing requirements may delay time of delivery of all materials. As such, it would be wise enough to approach the local authorities in charge and lying down our issues. This can guarantee that our cargo is cleared with immediate effect on delivery to sustain the period set aside for the project. Regarding the nature of East Timor, finding better and the admittable mean of transport to reach the required site would in return reduce the risk by a given percentage. If the issue seems ambiguous enough such that it becomes critical, this affects the whole project regarding thetime required to accomplish the project. Hence, to accelerate the project, we would require reducing the time for critical path activities. For example, if delivery of materials affects the accomplishment of Task 7 let us say by six days, the whole project is affected such that time to accomplish it becomes 25 days rather than the 19 days as earlier stipulated. Delay in the critical path (longest path on a network diagram) would lead to the delay in the whole project The fifth process is to monitor the risk.It involves taking your Project Risk Register and use it to oversee, track and revise your identified risks (Grote, 2015). The tasks may involve ensuring the launch of actions set aside to mitigate the risk have desired effect, looking out for indicators at early stages that a risk is developing, ensuring overall management of risk is put into action effectively. Potential Risk Exposure Risk exposure refers to themeasure of the likelihood of a loss to take place in a proposed project that may resultfrom an activity or occurrence. It ranks the various types of losses and ascertains the losses that are acceptable and those that areunacceptable. ATA project that maybe was planned to take ten months needs to examine the possibility of the project taking more extra time. After conducting research, the firm learns that the chances of the project taking longer than ten months are 40%. This would mean more expenditure regarding paying employees as well as the upkeep cost which would impact on the total budget of the project. The risk is entirely unacceptable, hence, seeking to deliver equipment earlier enough than stipulated time of the project would help save on time. Conclusion Risk entails uncertainty, and a plan is needed to de-risk your project. The plan helps in finding a solution to a risk in case it takes place as they have been researched in advance and means of treating them been developed and agreed upon (Kerzner, 2013). In the end, you are in a position to reduce impacts of project threats and take advantage of the opportunities that may present themselves. References Alongi, D. M. 2014. Mangrove forests of timor-leste: ecology, degradation and vulnerability to climate change. InMangrove Ecosystems of Asia(pp. 199-212). Springer New York. Brockwell, S., OConnor, S., Litster, M., Willan, R. C. 2016. New insights into Holocene economies and environments of Central East Timor: Analysis of the molluscan assemblage at the rockshelter site of Hatu Sour.Northern Territory Naturalist,27, 2-12. Chance, D. M., Brooks, R. 2015.Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Grote, G. 2015. Promoting safety by increasing uncertaintyImplications for risk management.Safety science,71, 71-79. Haimes, Y. Y. 2015.Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H. 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Olson, D. L., Wu, D. D. 2015.Enterprise risk management(Vol. 3). World Scientific Publishing Co Inc.

Nursing Practice in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Disuss about the Mental Health Nursing Practice in Australia. Answer: Over the past two decades the mental health nursing practice in Australia have significantly changed in terms of delivering care for young people and to people from different cultures. The essay critically analyses the impact of the change in the care delivery process in the mental health nursing on the clinical and the psychosocial outcomes. The focus of the paper is on the mental health care delivery for people of different culture. The essay discusses the psychosocial outcomes of mental health nursing in this target group. Cultural diversity in Australia continues to increase growing population of refugees and migrants. Refugees and immigrants arrive in Australia for diverse purposes, which make the country a multi-cultural society. Most of them belong to Vietnam, China, India, New Zealand, UK and Italy (Kidd et al., 2015). The process of resettlement puts mental health of these people at risk. In Australia, the mental health disorders are highly prevalent among the culturally diverse community. This culturally diverse population was the core consideration of mental health policy making and the funding for the implementation of the policies. However, two decades ago the these policy statements were not translated into implementation objectives. There was lack of sufficient funding to support implementation. In addition, there was no reporting of the progress against policy developed for refugee and immigrant communities (Holland, 2017). According to De Crespigny et al. (2015), dealing with the culturally diverse people involves challenges due to language and cultural barriers for mental health nurses. Only few small-scale studies reported high prevalence of the mental health disorders in Indigenous, refugee, and immigrant communities. The findings were incomplete and contradictory. These communities were reported to underutilise the specialist private mental health services, primary care, psychiatric disability and rehabilitation support services. These scenarios have changed a lot with the introduction of policy making an inclusion of culturally diverse people in decision-making, introduction of medical interpreters who offer translating and interpreting services. In recent decade, Australia has made impressive start to measure routine outcome in mental health nursing (McMurray Clendon, 2015). Outcome measures mainly include cognition, emotion, functioning measures of quality of life. The clinical outcome mainly includes improvement in systematology and functioning of individuals instead of personal recovery. The social outcome indicators were identified as participation of young, older adults and working people from different cultures in mental health services and reduction in stigmatisation attitude (Thornicroft Slade, 2014). However, currently the immigrants and refugees adolescents who are mental health patients can access Refugee health network of Australia at two fold higher rate that in three decades ago. These networks provide professionals who are specialised in refugee health. Other organisations such as Mental Health in Multicultural Australia also offer translated sources, which is mainly accessed by the non-English speaking communities. It includes Pakistani, Mandarin, Cantonese and Arabic people (Minas et al., 2013). Several recent policies include clearer focus on utilisation of the mental health resources by the CALD communities in Australia. The mental health nursing practice has changed with the introduction of Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Special Interest Group (Morrison-Valfre, 2016). These programs aim to develop culturally competent mental health care services by introducing Transcultural nursing. These programs have increased the hos pitals admission rate for psychosis, dementia, Schizophrenia among the ethnic and minoritys community in Australia (mainly people from New Zealand, Australian Aboriginals and UK) (Stuart, 2014). As per the reports of 2010 based on the survey of mental health disorder among the immigrant and communities of culturally and linguistically diverse population, the prevalence of anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder have decreased by three times in the last two decades. The self-harm and the suicide behaviours profoundly seen in Aboriginal adolescents and asylum seekers have reduced but not remarkably in last two decades (Cleary et al., 2014). These reports showed greater participation of women than men, in services for anxiety disorders in Chinese community. The GP consultations among the refugees from Bangladesh, Vietnam, Pakistan, India and other refugee communities have improved in last two decades. There is an increase in mental health literacy among the Chinese community in last two decades living in Melbourne. A greater participation in psychotherapy sessions was found among the overseas students from New Zealand and India for general anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (Mace et al., 2014). According to the latest survey of mental health and well-being, there is increase in people from different culture reporting about fulfilment of the mental health care needs. Depressive symptoms were found to decrease in the Tamil asylum seekers. Burmese refugees showed greater access to treatment for post-traumatic stress treatment. In the last two decades, the Vietnamese refugees showed low presentations to mental heaths clinics. There is a negligible improvement in the self-harm behaviour and suicide risk rates among the young and elderly adults of Northern, western and Eastern Europeancommunities. A low suicide rate was found in immigrants from Sothern Europe, South-East Asia, and the Middle East in Australia (Lam et al., 2010). A greater percentage of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders people particularly adolescents still represented in drug and alcohol abuse, psychosis, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and general anxiety disorder. The findings that are two decades old report lower utilisation of the mental health services (Truong et al., 2014). The policy of social inclusion allowed more mental health patients to participate in education and training programs, voice their feelings to influence decisions, deal with crisis and connect with family and friends (De Crespigny et al., 2015). However, these data does not indicate too much about improvement in the clinical and psychosocial outcomes of people from diverse cultural background. Based on the through literature search, it can be concluded that the there is an improvement in the clinical and psychological outcomes with changes in mental health nursing practice for people from different cultures. These outcomes were evident due to policy making with criteria of social inclusion, Transcultural nursing and accessibility of services such as medical interpreters and mental health services for refugees and advocacy organisations, Refugee health network of Australia. Thus, the improvement in the psychosocial outcomes such as optimism, social inclusion, development of positive identity, meaningfulness in life among the culturally diverse mental health people is still debatable. References Cleary, M., Jackson, D., Hungerford, C. L. (2014). Mental health nursing in Australia: resilience as a means of sustaining the specialty.Issues in mental health nursing,35(1), 33-40. De Crespigny, C., Grnkjr, M., Liu, D., Moss, J., Cairney, I., Procter, N., ... King, R. (2015). Service provider barriers to treatment and care for people with mental health and alcohol and other drug comorbidity in a metropolitan region of South Australia.Advances in Dual Diagnosis,8(3), 120-128. Holland, K. (2017).Cultural awareness in nursing and health care: an introductory text. CRC Press. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), 181-192. Lam, A. Y., Jorm, A. F., Wong, D. F. (2010). Mental health first aid training for the Chinese community in Melbourne, Australia: effects on knowledge about and attitudes toward people with mental illness.International journal of mental health systems,4(1), 18. Mace, A. O., Mulheron, S., Jones, C., Cherian, S. (2014). Educational, developmental and psychological outcomes of resettled refugee children in Western Australia: a review of School of Special Educational Needs: Medical and Mental Health input.Journal of paediatrics and child health,50(12), 985-992. McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2015).Community Health and Wellness-E-book: Primary Health Care in Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Minas, H., Kakuma, R., San Too, L., Vayani, H., Orapeleng, S., Prasad-Ildes, R., ... Oehm, D. (2013). Mental health research and evaluation in multicultural Australia: developing a culture of inclusion.International journal of mental health systems,7(1), 23. Morrison-Valfre, M. (2016).Foundations of Mental Health Care-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Stuart, G. W. (2014).Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Thornicroft, G., Slade, M. (2014). New trends in assessing the outcomes of mental health interventions.World Psychiatry,13(2), 118-124. Truong, M., Paradies, Y., Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews.BMC health services research,14(1), 99.

Principle of International Law

Whether the Court can exercise jurisdiction in the case The ICJ can exercise jurisdiction in this case. The Court has a double jurisdiction. The Court acts on disputes that various States submit to it (contested cases) and cases that the UN authorised bodies and agencies may refer for legal opinions.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Principle of International Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Court shall consider the case under Article 38 of the Statute â€Å"in accordance with international law† and apply sources of law based on the international convention, international customs, the general principles of law as civilised nations recognise them, and provisions under Article 59.1 Territorial claim between Neganda and Kantara falls within these four areas. The States may accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ. The ICJ has dealt with a number of territorial jurisprudence. However, th e nature of these cases varies. Therefore, it is almost impossible to prioritise and categorise what factors the Court uses to provide decisions. This tendency makes the ICJ unattractive place for territorial cases. Taylor Sumner examined territorial disputes at the ICJ and concluded that there were nine areas relevant to adjudicating territorial claims: â€Å"treaty law, geography, economy, culture, effective control, history, uti possidetis juris (â€Å"to whom possesses by law†), â€Å"elitism†, and ideology†.2 In addition, Sumner established that the ICJ mainly bases its decisions on â€Å"treaty law, uti possidetis, and effective control† (Sumner 2004). The ICJ statute provisions also note that the Court â€Å"shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide in cases ex aequo et bono (based on equity and welfare), if the parties agree thereto†.3 However, the Court shall act on this case because the decision on a legal ground is not possibl e and concentrate on equities. However, the ICJ has not based all cases on equitable principles. We must note that the ICJ may consider equitable principles infra legem (under law). This shall enable the Court’s interpretation and application of the law to consider both facts and conditions surrounding Kantara and Neganda case. The principles of law that will be applicable to the substance of the territorial dispute between Kantara and Neganda Treaty law Treaties bind parties under international law, irrespective of their formal designation. Treaties are only relevant in cases where bodies with a treaty-making capacity participate. This is the case of Kantara and Neganda. These states have a treaty-making capacity.Advertising Looking for critical writing on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These states are also parties to the Central African Treaty of Friendship and Non-Alignment. This treaty mea ns that states can formulate obligations and rights which international law can enforce. The Vienna Convention 1969 recognises written treaties. However, the absence of writing does not mean such agreements are not enforceable under international law. The Convention is not clear on when an international agreement falls under treaty. However, the instrument must have some solemnity and gravity. The Court can consider past cases to make a decision on Neganda and Kantara territorial dispute. For instance, in the case of a territorial dispute between Libya and Chad, the ICJ considered the treaty of 1955 on Friendship and Good Neighbourliness. These parties had to interpret the Treaty of Friendship and Good Neighbourliness in a good faith and apply an ordinary meaning to it. In this case, the Court must establish the provision of the Central African Treaty of Friendship and Non-Alignment and base its decision of such provisions. This is because the treaty may have annexes that clarify th e boundary under agreements. This may settle the issue and disregard arrangement between Kantara and Russia. In another similar case of Belgium and Netherlands, both parties claimed territorial enclaves that crossed the established borders. The Court based its decision on effective control and treaties. The Court argued that the Dutch side did not undermine bases of sovereignty by limited control over an enclave. In this case, from the British point of view, the area of the land ‘attached’ to Kantara came under the administration of Kantara. Based on administrative effective control Kantara has maintained over the island, the Court may award the enclave to Kantara. The Court must also consider the Kantaran declaration accepting the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction, dated 10 May, 1970 and the Negandan declaration of 1 April, 1976, excluded from the jurisdiction of the Court and their relevant contents. It must also note that these declarations do not have any condi tion of reciprocity.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Principle of International Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Uti possidetis This principle of international law claims that a territory shall remain with the party who possess it after conflict, unless a treaty may define otherwise. A treaty may have conditions regarding possession of a territory. However, in the absence of such provisions, uti possidetis prevails. In this case, Kantara has possessed the enclave ever since colonial periods. The principle was useful in the issue of Kosovo. However, the Court should consider the political reasons behind uti possidetis provisions in border disputes. For instance, the British colonialists used the enclave for their administrative purposes in Kantara. The Court may base its decision on utis possidetis juri to grant Kantara the enclave. This shall reflect the former colonial boundaries and administrati ve positions. However, we have to note that not all rulings of the case may favour the principle of utis possidetis juri. For instance, in the case of a territorial dispute between Mali and Burkina Faso, the Court defined uti possidetis juri as â€Å"a principle that transforms former administrative borders created during the colonial period into international frontiers†.4 5This implies that uti possidetis juris acted as a decolonisation tool in order to preserve and protect the independence and stability of new African countries. Based on this argument, the Court may grant the enclave to Neganda. This also means that the Court may departure from the principle of uti possidetis juris. Considering this case, the Court may consider the British administrative boundary as an international frontier. The Court must also note that the principle of uti possidetis juris has changed over time. It now includes issues concerning â€Å"democracy, human rights, the rule of law, and rights of the minority groups† (Hasani 2003). In this regard, the Court must ascertain Neganda claims of ill-treatment of its native in the enclave under administration of Kantara. Effective control (effectività ©s) The principle of effective control has both internal and external aspects. Internally, a State government has the capacity to â€Å"establish and maintain a legal order in the sense of constitutional autonomy whereas externally, the State can act autonomously on the international level without being legally dependent on other states within the international legal order†.6Advertising Looking for critical writing on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Court may dismiss Kantara claims of administrative control from colonial periods to present and sovereign over the enclave and establish a legal title. If the Court can establish a legal title from the British colonial time, then the matter can end. However, if the Court fails to ascertain effective control, then it can apply utis possidetis based on the colonial boundaries. However, due to changes in the boundary it would be difficult to determine the exact location of the previous boundary. In this case, the Court can decide to divide the disputed enclave in two halves on equitable basis under infra legem. This was the case of Burkina Faso and Mali frontier dispute. History Historically, Kantara has always possessed and exercised administrative control over the area. However, the enclave has an ethnic group from Neganda. The Court may consider the history in this case because of its clarity. Consequently, the Court may grant Kantara the enclave based on evidence of the Kantara ’s long-established and effective control of the enclave since colonial periods. This was the case of France and the UK regarding Channel Islands where the Court granted the UK the islands based on its history.7 The Court must also consider the fact that African leaders insisted on preserving the administrative boundaries which colonialists established. Enver Hasani notes that African countries, which make territorial claims on grounds of history and ethnic entitlements, have lost their claims. However, uti possidetis juris has worked for most African states. These were cases of Somali and Mali. The Court shall also assume that Kantara and Neganda can avoid territorial conflicts by recognising their former colonial administrative boundaries. In this context, it can apply the Article 2(4) of the UN Charter to protect such territories. Explain and critically discuss the following statement ‘It is noted that rather than stating conditions of legality of secession, internat ional law has traditionally acknowledged secession subsequent to a factual state of events which has led to a situation in which the constitutive elements of a State are present’. (Written Statement of the Kingdom of Norway in the Kosovo Advisory Opinion case) The birth of a new state is an important event in the international politics. This is of interest to scholars in international law because a new state shall carve its territory from an existing state in order to declare independence. It also provides opportunities to review the legal ramifications of processes involved in creating a new state under provisions of international law. Thus, the secession of Kosovo and the subsequent verdict of the ICJ on the issue raise issues worth examining under the above statement.8 The independence of Kosovo in 2008 from Serbia raised issues because Serbia did not provide its consent. Thus, there was no coordinated independence as Kosovo took a section of Serbia’s population and territory. These are facts of Kosovo secession. Under international law, an entity has a right to secede when the state it belongs to recognise that and when it also reviews constituents rights to self-determination as was the case of South Sudan. The right to self-determination remains limited based on the principle of territorial integrity of a state. The case of Kosovo is slightly different. From the history of Kosovo, the international community rejected Kosovo’s claims to secession. As a result, Kosovo only had remedial secession as a viable legal option. Remedial secession grounds have disputes on de lege lata (the law as it exists) and de lege ferenda (what the law ought to be). The history of Kosovo also provides reasons for remedial secession. For instance, Milosevic engaged in systematic discrimination of Kosovo Albanians (cultural group of Serbia). There were no possibilities of achieving meaningful and mutual solution through peace. Thus, the abuse of 1990s made the international community recognise the plight of Kosovo Albanians. The Security Council Resolution 1244 of 1999 depicts a rejection for secession. However, this document has resolutions that guarantee Kosovo Albanians the right to self-determination. Over time, states have recognised the independence of Kosovo due to a gradual change of its population that has evolved from a minority to people. This move contradicts the norm of state practice. This is because, in the past, states have based their recognitions of new states on the consent of the parent state to separation. Thus, recognition of Kosovo as an independent state show grounds for remedial secession in legal situations. The US argued that Kosovo was a special case based on its history of abuse, systematic ethnic cleansing, Yugoslavia breakup, and the role of the UN administration. These features were special to Kosovo. As a result, the US recognised Kosovo as an independent state with no precedent for any other condition s.9 Serbia showed concern about Kosovo’s declaration of independence in 2008 and sought the advisory opinion of the ICJ on the legality of Kosovo as a state. The ICJ released its advisory opinion in 2010 that Kosovo’s declaration of independence did not break general principles of international law. The Court based its decision on the UN Security Council Resolution 1244 and the Constitutive Framework. In addition, the Court also considered the unique history of Kosovo under Serbia. Scholars note that premature recognition of Kosovo presented legal challenges before the international law.10 They argue that the case of Kosovo was non-precedential. They also note that even states that recognised Kosovo have clearly refused to create rules governing remedial secession. In the case of Kosovo, secession was the only option for ending oppression of the Kosovo Albanians. This is the basis of the doctrine of remedial secession. However, we can note that the doctrine of remedial secession has a weak legal base and foundation. This explains why Serbia questioned the legality of Kosovo’s independence. It shows that secession is not an entitlement even under oppression. However, when the oppressed minority strives to create their own state, then remedial secession remains the only option with international recognition. Thus, remedial secession depends on recognition from the international community so as to make it legal. Under the UN Charter, remedial secession has grounds through recognitions. This explains why Kosovo’s declaration of independence was legal. However, the case of Kosovo independence sets precedence for review of international law as the doctrine of remedial secession is weak. Kosovo only survived because of a combination of several factors that made it a special case before the international community and the ICJ. Kosovo set a precedent for states or minority groups on how to use remedial secession. The ICJ confirmed Kosovoâ₠¬â„¢s claim for statehood and the issue of legality under international law did not deter it. We can see that remedial secession can establish grounds for minority groups to hold the state accountable for issues under international obligations. By referring to Kosovo as a special and unique case, the international community disregarded the base and theory of remedial secession. It also created irreproachable states. Kosovo’s case is significant in identification of loopholes that exist in international law and legality of secession. The case of Kosovo presented the international community with a suitable chance to clarify issues of remedial secession. These issues should include types of alternatives that parties should exhaust, threshold of abuse considered, the issue of uti possidetis juris, description of cultural groups, claims of the parent state, and effects of the secession. Clarification of these issues can present grounds for the international community to gauge sece ssion and avoid issues of unique and special case. This can show a state of arbitrariness in state secession as the case of Kosovo is similar to secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan. â€Å"International Law is made of a succession of apologetic and utopian moments and arguments.† The above statement is true due to serious weaknesses in the system. In addition, the system of international law is never perfect. These weaknesses may be due to lack of vital formal institutions and systems, lack of certainty, manipulation, and disregard by states. However, there are many chances for reforms and improvements. We can also look at the above statement from the point of view of structure of international law and specific issues that arise during enforcement. To this end, various scholars have given their arguments and theories about international law and its origin.11 Koskenniemi argues that international law lacks legal objectivity at all. This is a deconstructive approach to explain ing international law. Such theorists argue that states can use international law to criticise or justify international behaviours on a rational ground. According to these critics, we can justify or condemn a given behaviour using a â€Å"conjunction of politics, morality and self-interest† (Dixon 2007). Thus, such behaviours can happen in any setting and for reasons not related to any legal rule. Some jurists claim that international law is a means of pursuing a given community values. Thus, interpretation and application of all rules should conform to such values. This is a value-oriented approach in explaining the existence of international law. Some of these values include â€Å"world public order†. Proponents of this view include McDougal, Lasswell and Feliciano. Realists claim that we should view international law based on the impact it has on the conduct of the international community and relations, rather than trying to establish its validity as a law. This vie w posits that what is important is the influence of international law in international politics and relations. Issues of acceptance or obedience to international law are irrelevant. Therefore, its role to enhance international politics is what matters. Some scholars apply non-statist theories to explain the nature of international law. They disregard the fundamental principle of international law as a system created mainly for states and by states. They claim that notable developments in international law render its fundamental concept narrow. They seek to show the importance of international law to individuals. In addition, international law should also be a means of gaining justice and accommodating diverse cultures and ethic orientations of the modern world since the world no longer revolves around Europe. This view has gained popularity especially with issuing relating to the ICJ ruling on Africa states. For instance, Gbenga Odentun claims that both the ICJ and Permanent Court o f Arbitration (PAC) have shown a lack of interest in matters regarding African states and their Western counterparts. The author also claims that representation of Africans in these institutions is insufficient. According to Odentun, this undermines the basis that such courts within their charter should represent â€Å"the principal legal systems of the world†.12 This idea has gained popularity as states depend on international law for checking excesses of other sovereign states.13 Any attempt to achieve a consensus or conclusion regarding the nature, source, or system of international law shall draw criticisms from all quarters. What is of importance in this case is the binding problem that leads to the formation of international law. Such problems are both national and international matters. At the national level, we have an institution like the Australian parliament that has the mandate to create laws. This is not the case with the international law. However, the significa nt issue is that states and individuals have recognised international law. Such a succession of apologetic and utopian moments and arguments drives vital interests of states. However, we must note that a vital interest of state is important than the dictates of the law. The legal system may recognise vital interests in cases of self-defence in relation to international law. In this regard, the international law may not be different from any national law and the issue of obedience may not arise. However, we can see that due to weaknesses in international law, states can violate it. In this sense, it becomes a weaker system than any other national legal system that has machinery for enforcement. It is difficult for states to rely on international law in situations where their vital interests are under threat.14 As a result, they are likely to engage in illegal conducts. These could be the reasons for â€Å"the US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan and NATO’s 1999 action in Serbi a† (Dixon 2007). From these observations, we can note that international law cannot stop such attacks. However, this does not mean it is irrelevant when it comes to protection of vital interest of states. The international community can formulate laws to control future behaviours of such states and soften their approaches. This also leads to confusion about the major role of international law in relation to political and diplomatic crises. In all, international law role should be to ensure â€Å"world public order† among international communities. Therefore, what shows the effective of vital rules of international law is the extent to which states obey or enforce them. This is the failure of international law. It cannot enforce its vital rule of prohibiting the use of force against other states. Such creations of international law have led to lack of certainty. It is too flexible and open to manipulation. For instance, we can see that Serbia challenged Kosovo’s d eclaration of independence because the international law was not clear on remedial secession. This lack of clarity can lead to disputes among states. Thus, the issue of creation of international law is debate that cannot end. However, the fundamental concept is that international law protects sovereign states with regard to their international relations. Therefore, these rules are for states and created by states as they give state sovereignty high regards as it is the fabric that holds international community. We have to recognise that states need international law and its processes of creation remain irrelevant. Bibliography Cismas Ioana, ‘Secession in Theory and Practice: the Case of Kosovo and Beyond’ (2010) 2(2) Goettingen Journal of International Law 531-587. Dixon Martin, Textbook on International Law (Oxford University Press, 2007). Harris David, Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th ed (Sweet and Maxwell, 2010). Hasani Enver, ‘International Law un der Fire: Utis Possidetis Juris: From Rome to Kosovo’ (2003) Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 1-3. Malanczuk Peter, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law (Routledge, 1997). Odentun Gbenga, ‘Africa before the International Courts: The Generational Gap in International Adjudication and Arbitration’ (2004) 44(4) Indian Jrn. Int. Law 701-748. Sumner Taylor, ‘Note: Territorial Disputes at the International Court of Justice’ (2004) 53 Duke Law Journal 1779-1812. Vidmar Jure, ‘Remedial Secession in International Law: Theory and (Lack of) Practice’ (2010) 6(1) St Antony’s International Review 37-56. Footnotes 1 U.N. Charter, Chapter VI, â€Å"Pacific Settlement of Disputes.† Article 33.1: â€Å"The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbit ration, conciliation, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.† 2 Sumner Taylor, ‘Note: Territorial Disputes at the International Court of Justice’ (2004) 53 Duke Law Journal 1779-1812. 3 Statute of the International Court of Justice, annexed to the Charter of the United Nations (1945), entered into force, October 24, 1945. 4 Enver Hasani, International Law under Fire, Uti Possidetis Juris: From Rome to Kosovo, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 2003. 5 1986 ICJ 570 (December 22). 6 Malanczuk Peter, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law (Routledge, 1997). 7 1953 ICJ Reports (ICJ) 47 (17 November). 8 Cismas Ioana, ‘Secession in Theory and Practice: the Case of Kosovo and Beyond’ (2010) 2(2) Goettingen Journal of International Law 531-587. 9 U.S. Department of State, U.S. Recognizes Kosovo as Independent State, Washington D.C., (18 February 2008). 10 â€Å"In the v iew of Oliver Corten by â€Å"prematurely† recognizing Kosovo third states are in breach of the principle of sovereignty and of non-intervention in the internal affairs of Serbia† (Cismas, 2010). 11 Dixon Martin, Textbook on International Law (Oxford University Press, 2007). 12 Gbenga Odentun, â€Å"Africa before the International Courts: The Generational Gap in International Adjudication and Arbitration,† Indian Jrn. Int. Law, 44:4, (Oct.-Dec. 2004), pp. 701-748. 13 Harris David, Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th ed (Sweet and Maxwell, 2010). 14 A. D’Amato, ‘Trashing Customary International Law’, 81 American Journal of International Law (1987) 1, 77, 102. This critical writing on Principle of International Law was written and submitted by user Ian U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.